HealthCentralcm.own.healthcentralgeneralhealthnonenone2001Healthcentral.com is one of the most trusted sources of medical information and up to date news and contains a doctor-approved health encyclopedia of diseases and conditions, the ability to find symptoms and treatments. Also drug information with side effects and interactions./home/sites/healthcentralwww.healthcentral.com/HealthCentral : DiseasesDiseases - Diseases and Conditions, Treatments, General Health InformationDiseases - Diseases and Conditions, Treatments, General Health InformationDiseasesneurologyearnosethroatHealthCentralDiseaseshttp://www.healthcentral.com/channel/408/1056.htmlhttp://www.healthcentral.com/channel/408/1056_pf.htmlChannel PageDiseases1056.htmlDiseasesADAM Encyclopedia (more_index_1_8_7)Stereotactic radiosurgery2007-03-27 13:52:36.0Stereotactic radiosurgeryStereotactic radiosurgeryStereotactic radiosurgeryStereotactic radiosurgeryRadiation therapyMRIAcoustic neuromaArteriovenous malformation - cerebralPituitary tumorTrigeminal neuralgiaMagnetic resonance angiography2007-03-27 13:52:32.0Magnetic resonance angiographyMagnetic resonance angiographyMagnetic resonance angiographyMagnetic resonance angiographyMRIAortic angiographyCoarctation of the aortaAortic dissectionStrokeAtherosclerosisRenal artery stenosisGonorrhea2006-11-04 00:54:57.0GonorrheaGonorrheaGonorrheaGonorrheaGonococcemia (disseminated)Aseptic necrosis2006-11-04 00:54:49.0Aseptic necrosisAseptic necrosisAseptic necrosisAseptic necrosisAseptic necrosis21730 421730 5Aseptic necrosis is bone death caused from a disruption in the
blood supply. It is most common in the hip, knee, and shoulder.Broken boneDislocationSickle cell anemiaRadiation therapyGaucher diseaseChronic gouty arthritisAtherosclerosisDiabetesLegg-Calve-Perthes diseaseNewborn screening tests2006-11-04 00:54:45.0Newborn screening testsNewborn screening testsNewborn screening testsNewborn screening testsCongenital hypothyroidismCongenital adrenal hyperplasiaCystic fibrosisGalactosemiaGlucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiencySickle cell anemiaMethylmalonic acidemiaMaple syrup urine diseasePhenylketonuriaAPGARKnee replacement - partial2006-11-04 00:54:44.0Knee replacement - partialKnee replacement - partialKnee replacement - partialKnee replacement - partialKnee joint19309 4Knee jointCartilage covers the end of bones in joints to provide shock
absorption during movement. The synovium is the membrane that
surrounds the joint and is filled with synovial fluid, which
provides nutrients and oxygen to the cartilage.Partial knee replacement - series2007-03-27 13:10:02.0The structure of a joint19399 4The structure of a jointJoints, particularly hinge joints like the elbow and the knee, are
complex structures made up of bone, muscles, synovium and cartilage
and ligaments, designed to bear weight and move the body through
space. The knee consists of the femur (thigh bone) above, and the
tibia (shin bone) and fibula below. The patella, or kneecap rides
on top of the lower portion of the femur and the top portion of the
tibia. The muscles and ligaments connect these bones and the space
between them is cushioned by fluid-filled capsules (synovia) and
cartilage. When muscles are exercised, they pull on the bones,
strengthening them. The range of motion of a joint represents how
far it can be flexed (bent) and extended (stretched).ProsthesisKnee joint replacementArthritisOsteoarthritisOsteomalaciaNecrosisWhat is Obesity?NICU consultants and support staff2006-11-04 00:54:35.0NICU consultants and support staffNICU consultants and support staffAudiologyECGEchocardiogramCardiac catheterizationBiopsyDevelopmental milestonesIntravenousHepatitisCholestasisUltrasoundCancerCBCMeningitisCSF collectionPremature infantDiabetesSeizuresEEGCT scanMRISkull fractureHydrocephalusRetinopathy of prematurityBroken boneNecrotizing enterocolitisBarium enemaRespiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in infantsBronchopulmonary dysplasiaUnilateral hydronephrosisHypospadiasX-rayChild abuse - sexual2006-11-04 00:54:16.0Child abuse - sexualChild abuse - sexualChild abuse - sexualChild abuse - sexualChild neglect and psychological abusePregnancy carePregnancy care2006-11-04 00:54:08.0Pregnancy carePregnancy careRubellaDiabetesProtein - urineAbortionBack pain - lowJoint painNausea and vomitingGERD Symptom: HeartburnHeadacheFrequent or urgent urinationMuscle crampsConstipationFeverVaginal bleeding between periodsMeniscal allograft transplantationMeniscal allograft transplantation2006-11-04 00:54:02.0Meniscal allograft transplantationMeniscal allograft transplantationMeniscal allograft transplantationMeniscal allograft transplantationKnee arthroscopySoySoy2006-11-04 00:53:55.0SoySoySoySoyCoronary heart diseaseOsteoporosisBreast cancerEndometrial cancerProstate cancerSevere acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)2006-11-04 00:53:37.0Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)Lungs1103 4LungsThe major features of the lungs include the bronchi, the
bronchioles and the alveoli. The alveoli are the microscopic blood
vessel-lined sacks in which oxygen and carbon dioxide gas are
exchanged.Respiratory system9248 4Respiratory systemWhen you breathe in, air first travels through the nasal passageway
or mouth, through the trachea, which further divides into bronchi,
then smaller bronchioles, finally ending in the tiny air sacs
(alveoli) in the lungs.AcuteCommon coldStem cell researchStem cell research2006-11-04 00:53:19.0Stem cell researchStem cell researchAging changes in the sensesAging changes in the senses2006-11-04 00:52:38.0Aging changes in the sensesAging changes in the sensesSense of sight8687 48687 5Vision occurs when light is processed by the eye and interpreted by
the brain. Light passes through the transparent eye surface
(cornea). The pupil (the black opening in the front of the eye) is
an opening to the eye interior. It can get larger or smaller to
regulate the amount of light entering the eye. The colored portion
(iris) is really a muscle controlling the pupil size. The inside of
the eye is filled with a gel-like fluid. There is a flexible,
transparent lens that focuses light so it hits on the back of the
eye (the retina). The retina converts light energy into a nerve
impulse that is carried to the brain and then interpreted.Aged eye anatomy8688 48688 5With age, the lens may become misshaped and the corneal tissue may
become clouded.Hearing aids8685 48685 5Some hearing loss is almost inevitable with age. It is estimated
that 30% of all people over 65 have significant hearing impairment.
Conductive hearing loss occurs when sound has problems getting
through the external and middle ear. Surgery or a hearing aid may
be helpful for this type of hearing loss.Tongue8686 48686 5The tongue is mainly composed of muscles. It is covered with a
mucous membrane. Small nodules of tissue (papillae) cover the upper
surface of the tongue. Between the papillae are the taste buds,
which provide the sense of taste. In addition to taste, the tongue
functions in moving food to aid chewing and swallowing, and it is
important in speech.Aging changes in hearing8683 48683 5With aging, ear structures deteriorate. The eardrum often thickens
and the inner ear bones and other structures are affected.Age-related hearing lossWax blockageHearing lossTinnitusIrisRetinaVisual acuity testPresbyopiaCataractVisual fieldPeripheralGlaucomaMacular degenerationDiabetic retinopathyTaste - impairedBrain surgeryConfusionDiabetesAppendicitisFrostbiteHypothermiaBurnsUlcersAging changes in organs - tissue - cellsAging Changes in the SkinAging changes in the bones - muscles - jointsAging changes in the faceAging changes in the nervous systemAging changes in the lungsAging changes in the lungs2006-11-04 00:52:36.0Aging changes in the lungsAging changes in the lungsRespiratory cilia19533 419533 5The bronchus in the lungs are lined with hair-like projections
called cilia that move microbes and debris up and out of the
airways. Scattered throughout the cilia are goblet cells that
secrete mucus which helps protect the lining of the bronchus and
trap microorganisms.Changes in lung tissue with age8676 48676 5Lung tissue atrophies and is not as efficient with age.KyphosisScoliosisFaintingPneumoniaCoughAntibodySleep apneaBronchitisAging changes in organs - tissue - cellsAging changes in the bones - muscles - jointsAging changes in the heart and blood vesselsAging changes in vital signsAging changes in organs - tissue - cellsAging changes in organs - tissue - cells2006-11-04 00:52:36.0Aging changes in organs - tissue - cellsAging changes in organs - tissue - cellsTissue types8682 48682 5There are 4 basic types of tissue: connective tissue, epithelial
tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. Connective tissue
supports other tissues and binds them together (bone, blood, and
lymph tissues). Epithelial tissue provides a covering (skin, the
linings of the various passages inside the body). Muscle tissue
includes striated (also called voluntary) muscles that move the
skeleton, and smooth muscle, such as the muscles that surround the
stomach. Nerve tissue is made up of nerve cells (neurons) and is
used to carry "messages" to and from various parts of the body.EpitheliumLipofuscinHeart failureMetabolismHyperplasiaAging changes in hormone productionAging changes in immunityAging Changes in the SkinAging changes in sleepAging changes in the bones - muscles - jointsAging changes in the breastAging changes in the faceAging changes in the heart and blood vesselsAging changes in the kidneysAging changes in the lungsAging changes in the male reproductive systemAging changes in the nervous systemAging changes in immunityAging changes in immunity2006-11-04 00:52:34.0Aging changes in immunityAging changes in immunityImmune system structures8673 48673 5The immune system protects the body from potentially harmful
substances. The inflammatory response (inflammation) is part of
innate immunity. It occurs when tissues are injured by bacteria,
trauma, toxins, heat, or any other cause.The fluCancerWalking abnormalitiesArthritisTetanusPneumoniaInfluenza vaccineHepatitisWhy Eat a Balanced Diet?
Alcohol useSafetyAging changes in hormone productionAging changes in organs - tissue - cellsBPH - resourcesBPH - Resources2006-11-04 00:52:18.0BPH - resourcesBPH - resourcesHyperplasia9424 49424 5Hyperplasia is the increased cell production of normal tissue in
the body which causes the organ to increase in size.Enlarged prostatePets and the immunocompromised personPets and the immunocompromised person2006-11-04 00:52:12.0Pets and the immunocompromised personPets and the immunocompromised personHIV virus and t-cells9740 49740 5HIV is a viral infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV), which can gradually destroy the immune system.Blisters
See pictures of different types of blisters. Learn about the causes of blisters, how you can prevent them in the future, and how to can care for them at home.Vesicles2006-11-04 00:52:10.0Blisters
VesiclesVesiclesBullous pemphigoid, close-up of tense blisters1531 41531 5Bullous pemphigoid is a blistering skin condition that most often
affects the elderly. This is a close-up picture of the typical
blisters. Large blisters, like these, are called bullae.Poison ivy on the knee2567 42567 5This is a typical early appearance of a poison ivy rash, located on
the knee. These early lesions consist of multiple small blisters
(vesicles), often in a line where the skin has brushed against the
poison ivy plant.Herpes simplex - close-up2161 4Herpes simplex - close-upThis close-up view of an early herpes outbreak shows small, grouped
blisters and a lot of redness.Vesicles8985 48985 5A vesicle, or blister, is a thin-walled sac filled with a fluid,
usually clear and small. Vesicle is an important term used to
describe the appearance of many rashes that typically consist of or
begin with tiny-to-small fluid-filled blisters.Hand, foot, and mouth disease on the soles2157 42157 5Hand, foot, and mouth disease is cause by a coxsackie virus. It
produces mouth ulcers and small blisters (vesicles) on the hands
and feet. The vesicles often have a reddish border with a white or
lighter colored area in the center.Herpes zoster (shingles) - close-up of lesion2163 42163 5A close-up picture of herpes zoster skin lesions. Four small
blisters are shown with redness around them. These vesicles will
break, crust over, scab, and finally heal.Chigger bite - close-up of blisters2046 42046 5Chigger bites are caused by the larvae of the chigger. The bite
produces blisters (vesicles) and bleeding into the skin (purpura).
These bites itch intensely and are usually located on exposed areas
of the skin where the chigger larvae have access. This photograph
demonstrates vesicle formation following the bites.Poison ivy on the leg2568 42568 5This is a typical early appearance of a poison ivy rash, located on
the leg. These early lesions consist of multiple small blisters,
often in a line where the skin has brushed against the poison ivy
plant. The rash is caused by skin contact with the oily sap (resin)
of these plants. The oily resin usually enters the skin rapidly,
and is seldom transferred from person to person. The rash is not
caused by the fluid from the blisters. Thus, once the person has
washed the oil off the skin, the rash is usually not contagious.BullaeMaculePapulePustulesChickenpoxHerpes simplexContact dermatitis (poison ivy, oak, sumac)
EczemaTay-Sachs - resourcesTay-Sachs - resources2006-11-04 00:52:06.0Tay-Sachs - resourcesTay-Sachs - resourcesCentral nervous system8679 4Central nervous systemThe central nervous system is comprised of the brain and spinal
cord. The peripheral nervous system includes all peripheral nerves.Tay-Sachs diseaseBone marrow biopsyBone marrow biopsy2006-11-04 00:52:03.0Bone marrow biopsyBone marrow biopsyBone marrow biopsyBone biopsy9754 49754 5A bone biopsy is performed by making a small incision into the
skin. A biopsy needle retrieves a sample of bone and it is sent for
examination. The most common reasons for bone lesion biopsy are to
distinguish between benign and malignant bone tumors, and to
identify other bone abnormalities. Bone biopsy may also be
performed to determine the cause of bone pain and tenderness.Bone marrow aspiration1129 4Bone marrow aspirationA small amount of bone marrow is removed during a bone marrow
aspiration. The procedure is uncomfortable, but can be tolerated by
both children and adults. The marrow can be studied to determine
the cause of anemia, the presence of leukemia or other malignancy,
or the presence of some "storage diseases" in which abnormal
metabolic products are stored in certain bone marrow cells.Platelet countBiopsyAllergiesInfant test/procedure preparationToddler test or procedure preparationPreschooler test or procedure preparationSchool age test or procedure preparationAdolescent test or procedure preparationCBCAnemiaCancerEEGEEG2006-11-04 00:51:59.0EEGEEGEEGEEGBrain1074 4BrainThe major areas of the brain have one or more specific functions.Brain wave monitor8730 48730 5The brainstem auditory evoked response test (BAER), is performed to
help diagnose nervous-system abnormalities, hearing losses
(especially in low-birth weight newborns), and to assess neurologic
functions. The test focuses on changes and responses in brain
waves. The brain waves are stimulated by a clicking sound to
evaluate the central auditory pathways of the brainstem.EpilepsyConfusionHead injurySleep disordersConsciousness - decreasedMuscle biopsyMuscle biopsy2006-11-04 00:51:50.0Muscle biopsyMuscle biopsyMuscle biopsyMuscle biopsyMuscle biopsy8868 48868 5A muscle biopsy involves removal of a plug of tissue usually by a
needle to be later used for examination. Sometimes more than one
needle insertion may be needed to obtain a large enough specimen.
If there is a patchy condition expected an open biopsy may be used.
Open biopsy involves a small incision through the skin and into the
muscle, so that a sample of muscle tissue can be removed from the
affected area. There may be some slight bruising or bleeding at the
site but the risks are minimal with the procedure.BiopsyChronicElectromyographyMuscular dystrophyPolyarteritis nodosaTrichinosisToxoplasmosisCytology exam of urineCytology exam of urine2006-11-04 00:51:15.0Cytology exam of urineCytology exam of urineCytology exam of urineCytology exam of urineBladder catheterization, male1066 4Bladder catheterization, maleCatheterization is accomplished by inserting a catheter (a hollow
tube, often with and inflatable balloon tip) into the urinary
bladder. This procedure is performed for urinary obstruction,
following surgical procedures to the urethra, in unconscious
patients (due to surgical anesthesia, coma, etc.), or for any other
problem in which the bladder needs to be kept empty (decompressed)
and urinary flow assured. Catheterization in males is slightly more
difficult and uncomfortable than in females because of the longer
urethra.Bladder catheterization, female1065 41065 5A catheter (a hollow tube, often with an inflatable balloon tip)
may be inserted into the urinary bladder when there is a urinary
obstruction, following surgical procedures to the urethra, in
unconscious patients (due to surgical anesthesia, coma, etc.), or
for any other problem in which the bladder needs to be kept empty
(decompressed) and urinary flow assured.CancerRenal cell carcinomaUrine culture - clean catchX-rayLiver biopsyLiver biopsy2006-11-04 00:50:59.0Liver biopsyLiver biopsyLiver biopsyLiver biopsyLiver biopsy1102 4Liver biopsyA liver biopsy is not a routine procedure, but is performed when it
is necessary to determine the presence of liver disease and to look
for malignancy, cysts, parasites, or other pathology. The actual
procedure is only slightly uncomfortable. Most of the discomfort
arises from being required to lie still for several hours
afterwards to prevent bleeding from the biopsy site.BiopsyBlood clotsInfant test/procedure preparationToddler test or procedure preparationPreschooler test or procedure preparationSchool age test or procedure preparationAdolescent test or procedure preparationLiver diseaseBiopsy - biliary tractBiopsy - biliary tract2006-11-04 00:50:58.0Biopsy - biliary tractBiopsy - biliary tractBiopsy - biliary tractBiopsy - biliary tractGallbladder endoscopy8775 48775 5An endoscope, a flexible fiberoptic scope with a light, is inserted
through the mouth into the duodenum. A catheter is advanced through
the endoscope and inserted into the pancreatic or biliary ducts. A
contrast agent is injected into these ducts and X-rays are taken to
evaluate their caliber, length and course. Endoscopic retrograde
cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is performed to identify any
narrowing, stones, or tumors in the pancreatic or biliary ducts.BiopsyDuodenumBileMalignancyAspirationERCPPercutaneous transhepatic cholangiogramWeaknessInfant test/procedure preparationToddler test or procedure preparationPreschooler test or procedure preparationSchool age test or procedure preparationAdolescent test or procedure preparationX-rayMRICT scanUltrasoundSecretin stimulation testSecretin stimulation test2006-11-04 00:50:55.0Secretin stimulation testSecretin stimulation testSecretin stimulation testSecretin stimulation testSecretin stimulation test8909 48909 5Secretin stimulation test is a test that measures the ability of
the pancreas to respond to secretin. Secretin is a hormone secreted
by the small intestines in the presence of partially digested food
from the stomach; this hormone normally stimulates the pancreas to
secrete a fluid with a high concentration of bicarbonate. This
fluid neutralizes the acidity from the stomach that is necessary
for a number of enzymes to function in the breakdown and absorption
of food. In order to perform the test a tube is passed through the
nose into the stomach then into the duodenum. Secretin is
administered and the contents of the duodenal secretions are
aspirated and analyzed over a period of about 2 hours. People with
diseases involving the pancreas (for example chronic pancreatitis,
cystic fibrosis, pancreatic cancer) may have abnormal pancreatic
function.DuodenumInfant test/procedure preparationToddler test or procedure preparationPreschooler test or procedure preparationSchool age test or procedure preparationAdolescent test or procedure preparationPancreatitisCystic fibrosisPancreatic carcinomaSmall bowel biopsySmall bowel biopsy2006-11-04 00:50:52.0Small bowel biopsySmall bowel biopsySmall bowel biopsySmall bowel biopsySmall intestine biopsy8927 48927 5Small bowel biopsy is a diagnostic procedure in which a portion of
the small bowel lining is removed for examination. A flexible
fiberoptic or video tube (endoscope) is inserted through your mouth
or nose and into the upper gastrointestinal tract where a tissue
sample is removed. This test is most often performed to help
diagnose diseases of the small intestines.BiopsyEGD - esophagogastroduodenoscopyColonoscopyEndoscopeInfant test/procedure preparationToddler test or procedure preparationPreschooler test or procedure preparationSchool age test or procedure preparationAdolescent test or procedure preparationSigmoidoscopySigmoidoscopy2006-11-04 00:50:46.0SigmoidoscopySigmoidoscopySigmoidoscopySigmoidoscopySigmoid colon cancer, X-ray1198 41198 5A barium enema in a patient with cancer of the large bowel (sigmoid
area).Colonoscopy1083 4ColonoscopyThere are 3 basic tests for colon cancer: a stool test (to check
for blood); sigmoidoscopy (inspection of the lower colon; and
colonoscopy (inspection of the entire colon). All 3 are effective
in catching cancers in the early stages, when treatment is most
beneficial.Anal biopsy9545 49545 5Rectal biopsy can be used to determine the cause of blood, mucus,
or pus in the stool. Rectal biopsy can also confirm findings of
another test or x-rays, or take a biopsy of a growth found in the
colon.BiopsyInfant test/procedure preparationToddler test or procedure preparationPreschooler test or procedure preparationSchool age test or procedure preparationAdolescent test or procedure preparationIntestinal obstructionColon cancerDiarrheaAbdominal painMediastinoscopy with biopsyMediastinoscopy with biopsy2006-11-04 00:50:14.0Mediastinoscopy with biopsyMediastinoscopy with biopsyMediastinoscopy with biopsyMediastinoscopy with biopsyMediastinum19565 419565 5Mediastinoscopy is a procedure in which a lighted instrument
(mediastinoscope) is inserted through a neck incision to visually
examine the structures in the top of the chest cavity and take
tissue samples. This procedure can be used to biopsy lymph nodes
surrounding the airway to help diagnose or see how far a particular
disease has spread.BiopsySore throatX-rayPleural needle biopsyPleural needle biopsy2006-11-04 00:50:11.0Pleural needle biopsyPleural needle biopsyPleural needle biopsyPleural needle biopsyPleural biopsy8898 48898 5In a pleural biopsy, a small piece of pleural tissue in the chest
is removed with a needle. The biopsy may distinguish between a
cancerous and noncancerous disease. It also can help to detect
whether a viral, fungal or parasitic disease is present.BiopsyPneumothoraxChest x-rayBlood gasesBlood gases2006-11-04 00:50:01.0Blood gasesBlood gasesBlood gasesBlood gasesBlood gases test9126 49126 5The blood gases test is performed by collecting a sample of blood
through a needle from an artery. The test is used to evaluate
respiratory diseases and conditions that affect the lungs, and it
is used to determine the effectiveness of oxygen therapy. The
acid-base component of the test also gives information on how well
the kidneys are functioning.Lung diffusion testingLung diffusion testing2006-11-04 00:50:00.0Lung diffusion testingLung diffusion testingLung diffusion testingLung diffusion testingLung diffusion testing9598 4Lung diffusion testingLung diffusion testing measures how well oxygen passes from the air
sacs in the lungs into the blood.Carbon monoxide